1.2 MAINTENANCE THEORY AND PRACTICE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT- INTRODUCTION
By Aleksandar Pudar
Technical Superintendent
and Planned Maintenance Supervisor Reederei Nord BV
Co-founder of "Out of Box
Maritime Thinker Blog" and Founder of Naro Consilium Group.
A vessel is a
general term for any watercraft, a ship, a boat, or anything that could float.
The maintenance work refers to all activities related to caring for the vessel.
Maintenance is a critical aspect of marine engineering and is essential to
ensure that vessels, structures, and equipment operate efficiently and safely.
Maintenance can be defined as keeping equipment and systems in good condition
to prevent breakdowns, reduce downtime, and ensure the longevity of the
equipment.
Maintenance
is essential in the marine environment due to the harsh conditions to which marine
equipment is exposed. On ships, saltwater, wind, waves, and other environmental
factors can cause corrosion, erosion, and wear and tear, affecting equipment
performance and reliability.
Maintenance
engineering in a marine environment, i.e. on board an ocean-going vessel, may
be explained as a :
Ship
maintenance is an integral part of vessel operations. The main components of
vessels that need to be maintained are the engine and electrical system, among
others, using maintenance programs. Maintenance programs are set up to keep the
vessel in proper operating condition while not getting in the way of routine
operations.
Marine
engineers sailing on board an ocean-going vessel and operating vessel/machinery/equipment
are responsible for ensuring adequate maintenance meets maker and statutory
requirements. Also, he or she is responsible for ensuring that ongoing
technical problems (near-misses, accidents/incidents) are investigated and
appropriate corrective and improvement actions are taken and used
interchangeably with reliability engineering.
Marine
engineering is highly related to mechanical engineering, a broad field encompassing
all aspects of the equipment (machinery and technology) on board ships, boats,
and other ocean and sea vessels. Marine engineers can focus on developing,
maintaining, supervising and renewing technologies such as stroke engines, oil
purifiers, compressed air equipment, boilers, inert gas generators, pumps or
electronics – radars, satellite transmitters and receivers, transponders,
circuitry, etc.
1.2.1 1.2.1 RESPONSIBILITIES
1.2.1. 1.2.1.1 MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES ( SHORE &
VESSEL)
Technical
Superintendent, i.e. The Fleet Manager - The fleet managers will oversee everything: they ensure
everyone has the necessary tools and equipment and that schedules and deadlines
are met. They also step in if an emergency happens or some mistake
occurs. The fleet managers for ship maintenance need to be on top of everything
while still being able to delegate tasks when necessary. The fleet manager job
is usually given to people with years of experience in the field because they
know every aspect of maintaining the ship. They need to be aware that
their decisions can affect business or even result in injuries, so fleet
managers for ship maintenance are expected to act professionally at all times.
Any ocean-going vessel needs to have at least the following marine
engineering positions (most of the time, an internationally recognised
certification is required), which can only increase in number with the size and
type of the ship but not decrease, according to the Safe Manning Certificate.
Chief Engineer – is usually responsible for all activity of the Marine
Engineering Department, operation, maintenance and replacement of technical
equipment, ensuring the conformity of the fleet vessels with the inner safety
management system. The Chief Engineer must be experienced and have all the
necessary practical skills to propel the ship and reach the port in the best
condition. He takes all decisions regarding machinery and technology issues.
The Second Engineer is in charge of the machinery spaces and has the second
highest responsibility after the Chief Engineer. The second marine Engineer
executes all maintenance activities and is responsible for troubleshooting,
safety and efficiency of all technology operations on a ship, the main
propulsion machinery, and other auxiliary technologies. His team consists of
all the staff in the machine and engine rooms.
Third Engineer – plays a vital role in the operation and management teams and
as a shipboard safety officer. In addition, he or she is in charge of the well-functioning
of all boilers (including boiler water and cooling water testing), generators
and some auxiliary technologies. The third Engineer is the next in charge after
the second Engineer and is the latter's main assistant in technology
maintenance works.
The fourth Engineer is the junior engineer subordinate to the
third marine Engineer.
He is responsible for supervising the engine room activity, all MARPOL-related
technologies and auxiliary machinery and is the only one in charge of the
sludge and bilge management.
a) Maintenance
·
Maintenance of Maine Engine, Fuel, Cooling and Propulsion system.
o
Main Engine Maintenance: The main engine is the primary source of propulsion for the
vessel. Ensuring that the main engine is maintained correctly, including
regular inspections, cleaning, and oil changes, is crucial. Any worn or damaged
parts should be replaced promptly to avoid breakdowns and ensure optimal
performance. The main engine should also be tested regularly to ensure it
operates efficiently.
o Propulsion System Maintenance: The propulsion system comprises
various components, including the propeller, shaft, bearings, and seals. Maintaining
the propulsion system, including regular inspections, cleaning, and
lubrication, is essential. Any worn or damaged parts should be replaced
promptly to avoid breakdowns and ensure optimal performance. The propeller
should also be cleaned regularly to prevent fouling and ensure maximum
efficiency.
o
Fuel System Maintenance: The fuel system is an integral part of the main engine and
should be adequately maintained to ensure safe and efficient operation. This
includes regular inspections of fuel tanks, filters, and lines and cleaning and
replacing worn or damaged components. The fuel should also be tested regularly
to meet the required specifications.
o
Cooling System Maintenance: The cooling system is used to regulate the temperature of the
main engine and should be adequately maintained to prevent overheating and
other issues. This includes regular inspections of the cooling system
components, including the heat exchangers, water pumps, and hoses, and cleaning
and replacing worn or damaged parts. The cooling system should also be flushed
regularly to prevent debris and other contaminants buildup.
·
Maintenance of Auxiliary Engines/Generators, Boilers, Compressors, and Cargo
systems is crucial
for ensuring the smooth operation of a vessel and the safety of its crew and
cargo. Here are some critical points to keep in mind regarding the maintenance
of these systems:
o
Auxiliary Engines/Generators Maintenance: Auxiliary engines/generators provide
power to various systems on board the vessel. Therefore, it is important to maintain
these systems, including regular inspections, cleaning, and oil changes,
adequately maintained. Any worn or damaged parts should be replaced promptly to
avoid breakdowns and ensure optimal performance.
o
Boilers Maintenance: Boilers generate steam for various purposes on board the vessel,
including heating, power generation, and cargo heating. It is important to
ensure that boilers are correctly maintained, including regular inspections,
cleaning, and testing of safety devices. Boiler water treatment is also
essential to prevent corrosion and scale buildup, which can compromise the
safety and efficiency of the boiler.
o
Compressors Maintenance: Compressors provide compressed air to various systems on
board the vessel, including pneumatic control systems, cargo systems, and
engine starting systems. Ensuring that compressors are adequately maintained,
including regular inspections, cleaning, and oil changes, is important. Any
worn or damaged parts should be replaced promptly to avoid breakdowns and
ensure optimal performance.
o
Cargo Systems Maintenance: Cargo systems load, unload, and transport cargo on the
vessel. It is important to ensure that these systems are properly maintained,
including regular inspections, cleaning, and testing of safety devices. Any
worn or damaged parts should be replaced promptly to avoid cargo spills or
other safety incidents.
·
Maintenance of Vessel Hull, Ballast Tank, Cargo Tanks, Cargo Holds,
Accommodation E.R. spaces, and Storage areas.
o
Maintenance
of the vessel hull, ballast tank, cargo tanks, cargo holds, accommodation E.R.
spaces, and storage areas is crucial for ensuring the safety and integrity of
the vessel, crew, and cargo. Here are some important points to keep in mind
regarding the maintenance of these areas:
o
Vessel Hull Maintenance: The hull is the outermost part of the vessel that provides
the main structural support. Ensuring the hull is maintained in good condition
is important, as any damage or corrosion can compromise the vessel's safety.
Therefore, regular inspection and maintenance of the hull are essential,
including cleaning, painting, and repairs as necessary.
o
Ballast Tank Maintenance: Ballast tanks provide stability to the vessel by adjusting
the weight distribution. Ensuring these tanks are properly maintained,
including regular cleaning and inspection for any signs of corrosion or damage,
is essential.
o
Cargo Tank Maintenance: Cargo tanks transport various types of cargo, including
liquid, gas, or solid materials. It is important to ensure that these tanks are
adequately maintained to prevent leaks or spills that could result in
environmental damage. Therefore, regular cleaning, inspection, repair, and
replacement of damaged or corroded areas are essential.
o
Cargo Hold Maintenance: Cargo holds are used to store cargo during transport. Ensuring
these areas are properly maintained, including regular cleaning and inspection
for any signs of damage or corrosion, is important.
o
Accommodation E.R. Space Maintenance: Accommodation E.R. (engine room) spaces house the
vessel's crew and machinery. Ensuring these areas are properly maintained,
including regular cleaning and inspection for any signs of damage or corrosion,
is important.
o
Storage Area Maintenance: Storage areas store various items on board the vessel,
including spare parts, equipment, and supplies. Ensuring these areas are
properly maintained, including regular cleaning and inspection for any signs of
damage or corrosion, is important.
b.)
Machinery/Equipment Inspection and Lubrication
Machinery and equipment inspection and lubrication are critical aspects
of vessel maintenance. Proper inspection and lubrication of machinery and
equipment can help to ensure their proper functioning, prevent breakdowns, and
extend their lifespan.
·
Inspection:
Regular inspection of machinery and equipment is essential to identify any
issues or potential problems before they become major. Inspections should be
performed according to a schedule considering the type of machinery or
equipment, its usage, and any applicable regulations or guidelines. Inspections
should cover all critical components of the machinery or equipment, including
moving parts, seals, bearings, and other components.
·
Lubrication:
Proper lubrication is essential to machinery and equipment's proper functioning
and longevity. Lubrication helps to reduce friction and wear on moving parts,
prevent rust and corrosion, and maintain appropriate operating temperatures.
Lubrication schedules should be established based on the type of machinery or
equipment, its usage, and the manufacturer's recommendations. Proper lubricants
should be used for each component of the machinery or equipment, and
lubrication procedures should be followed carefully.
c.)
Utilities Generation and Distribution ( Power, Water, Steam, I.G.)
Utilities generation and distribution are critical to vessels' safe and
efficient operation. The principal utilities generated and distributed onboard
a vessel include power, water, steam, and inert gas. Here are some key points
to consider when it comes to utilities generation and distribution:
·
A
vessel's power generation and distribution systems provide electrical
power to all the various systems and equipment. The power generation system
typically consists of diesel generators or gas turbines that produce electrical
power, distributed to all the different systems and equipment through an electrical
distribution network.
·
Water generation and distribution systems provide potable drinking, cooking, and washing water.
Water can be generated through various methods, including reverse osmosis,
evaporators, or distillation units. The water distribution system is typically
a network of pipes and pumps that distribute the water throughout the vessel.
·
Steam generation and distribution systems provide steam for various purposes, including
heating, cooking, and power turbines. Steam is typically generated through
boilers. The steam distribution system consists of a network of pipes and
valves that distribute the steam to the various systems and equipment that
require it.
·
Inert gas generation and distribution systems provide inert gas, such as nitrogen or carbon
dioxide, to various systems onboard the vessel. Inert gas is used for various
purposes, including fire prevention, cargo tank protection, and cleaning.
d.) New
equipment/machinery installation and modification of existing
The installation of new equipment/machinery and the modification of
existing equipment on board a vessel requires careful planning and execution to
ensure the safety and operational efficiency of the vessel.
The following steps should be taken when installing new
equipment/machinery on board a vessel:
·
Conduct
a feasibility study to determine the suitability of the equipment/machinery for
the vessel and the intended use.
·
Prepare
a detailed project plan that includes timelines, budget, resources required,
and potential risks and mitigation measures.
·
Obtain
all necessary approvals and permits from relevant authorities, including
classification societies and flag states.
·
Prepare
the vessel for installation, including clearing the work area, removing old
equipment if necessary, and modifying the vessel's structure.
·
Install
the new equipment/machinery according to the manufacturer's instructions and
any applicable regulations and standards.
·
Test
the equipment/machinery to ensure it functions properly and meets all safety
and performance requirements.
·
Obtain
final approval from relevant authorities before putting the equipment/machinery
into service.
·
When
modifying existing equipment on board a vessel, the following additional steps
should be taken:
·
Conduct
a risk assessment to identify potential hazards associated with the
modification and develop appropriate mitigation measures.
·
Ensure
the modification does not adversely affect the vessel's stability, structural
integrity, or performance.
·
Obtain
all necessary approvals and permits from relevant authorities, including
classification societies and flag states.
·
Ensure
that the modification is carried out by qualified personnel using appropriate
tools and equipment.
·
Test
the modified equipment to ensure it functions properly and meets all safety and
performance requirements.
·
Update
the vessel's documentation, including drawings, manuals, and maintenance
records, to reflect the modification.
·
Obtain
final approval from relevant authorities before putting the modified equipment
into service.
1.2.1.2 SECONDARY RESPONSIBILITIES
a.) Spare
parts and Store management on board vessels are crucial to ensure smooth operation
and prevent unexpected downtime. The following are some critical considerations
for practical spare parts and store management:
·
Inventory management: Accurate and up-to-date inventory management is essential for practical
spare parts and store management. It involves identifying all the parts
required for operation, determining optimal inventory levels, and tracking them
to ensure timely replenishment.
·
Categorisation and storage: Parts and stores should be categorised by type, size, and
usage to ensure easy identification and retrieval. Proper storage conditions
should be maintained to prevent damage and deterioration of parts.
·
Procurement
and vendor management: A reliable and efficient procurement process should be
in place to ensure timely and cost-effective sourcing of spare parts. Establishing
good relationships with vendors and monitoring their performance is crucial to
ensure timely delivery and quality.
·
Documentation and record-keeping: All spare parts and store transactions should be documented
appropriately. This includes tracking inventory levels, procurement orders, and
maintenance and repair records.
·
Planning and forecasting: A robust planning process is essential to ensure that spare
parts and stores are available when needed. This involves forecasting future
demand, identifying critical factors, prioritising availability, and
establishing contingency plans for unexpected situations.
·
Training and communication: All crew members managing spare parts and stores should be adequately
trained on the inventory management system and processes. Clear communication
channels should be established to ensure effective coordination between crew
members, departments, and vendors.
b.)
Machinery/Equipment protection is critical on board a vessel to ensure that the machinery
and equipment operate efficiently and are not damaged during operation. Here
are some ways to protect machinery and equipment on board a vessel:
·
Lubrication:
Proper lubrication is essential to reduce wear and tear in machinery and
equipment. Lubricants prevent friction between moving parts and help reduce the
heat they generate. Ensure that the correct type and grade of lubricant are
used and applied at the recommended intervals.
·
Monitoring:
Machinery and equipment must be monitored to operate within design limits.
Regular inspections, testing, and monitoring can help detect issues before they
become severe.
·
Cooling:
Overheating is a significant problem in machinery and equipment. Ensure that
proper cooling systems are installed and that they are operated correctly.
Cooling systems can include air-cooled or water-cooled systems.
·
Vibration
isolation: Vibrations can cause damage to machinery and equipment. Isolating
machinery from the vessel's structure can help reduce the vibration and
minimise damage.
·
Corrosion protection: Corrosion is a significant problem in marine environments due to the
presence of saltwater. Regular inspections and maintenance can help detect and
prevent corrosion. In addition, the use of anti-corrosion coatings and cathodic
protection systems can help prevent corrosion.
·
Filters and strainers are used to remove contaminants from fluids used in machinery and
equipment. Ensure filters and strainers are installed, cleaned, or replaced at
the recommended intervals.
·
Electrical protection: Electrical systems must be adequately protected to prevent damage from
electrical surges or short circuits. Proper grounding, fuses, and circuit
breakers can help protect electrical systems.
·
Operational procedures: Proper operating procedures can help prevent damage to
machinery and equipment. Ensure that crew members are trained on the correct
procedures and follow them strictly.
c.) Waste
disposal is an
important aspect of vessel maintenance. However, improper waste disposal can
have serious environmental and health consequences, so it is crucial to follow
proper procedures for waste management.
Several types
of waste are typically generated during maintenance activities on board a
vessel, including hazardous, oily, and general waste.
- Hazardous waste
includes chemicals, batteries, and other materials that can harm humans and
the environment if not disposed of properly.
- Oily waste
includes bilge water, sludge, and other materials that have been contaminated
with oil.
- General waste
includes food waste, packaging, and other non-hazardous materials.
- It is vital to have a clear waste management plan in place. One key aspect of waste management is proper storage.
- Hazardous waste
should be stored in designated containers that are clearly labelled and kept
separate from other waste.
- Oily waste
should be stored in separate tanks and disposed of following international
regulations, such as MARPOL.
- General waste
should be stored in designated bins or containers and disposed of following
local regulations.
- Another important aspect of waste management is proper disposal.
- Hazardous waste
should be disposed of following local regulations, which may require special
permits or disposal facilities.
- Oily waste
should be disposed of following MARPOL regulations, which may require
specialised equipment or facilities.
- General waste
should be disposed of following local regulations, including recycling or
incineration.
Training
personnel on board the vessel in proper waste management procedures is also
important. This can include training on identifying and handling different
types of waste and using specialised equipment for disposal.
d.) Machinery
after a catastrophic failure
In the event of a catastrophic machinery failure, the first step is to
ensure the crew's and the vessel's safety. Then, following documented and
readily available emergency procedures, the crew should be trained to respond
quickly and efficiently in such situations.
Once the crew's and the vessel's safety is secured, the damaged machinery
should be evaluated by a qualified marine engineer to determine the extent of
the damage and the best course of action to repair or replace it.
Repairing the vessel's machinery may be possible, especially if spare
parts and tools are available. However, in more severe cases, the machinery may
need to be replaced or repaired in a shipyard or repair facility on shore.
During this process, it is important to document all actions taken,
including the initial evaluation of the damage, the repair or replacement plan,
the steps taken to carry out the plan, and the outcome. This documentation can
help identify any failure patterns and develop preventative maintenance plans
for the future.
In addition, any damaged or failed parts should be properly disposed of
according to environmental regulations and industry best practices. This may
involve storing the parts for disposal onshore or adequately treating and
disposing of them on board the vessel. Proper waste management procedures
should be followed to prevent any environmental damage.
e)
Administration (insurance, record keeping, etc.)
Adminstration covers all types of record keeping and management; it
includes claims, defect management, repairs, pressure-vessel inspection,
liaison with underwriters' representatives, and handling insurance and Class
Society recommendations.
These functions are usually included within the ERP – PMS function since
it is here that most of the information will originate.
1.2.2
ONBOARD MAINTENANCE SET-UP – ORGANISATION
It is vital to establish clear divisions of authority with minimal
overlap and keep vertical lines of authority and responsibility as short as
possible to minimise confusion and conflict. Maintaining an optimum number of
people reporting to one individual is also crucial, and good marine
organisations limit the number of people reporting to a single supervisor.
In marine engineering, local factors play an essential role in the organisation
and how it can be expected to function. The type of operation, continuity of
operations, geographical situation, size of the plant, scope of the maintenance
department, and workforce level of training and reliability are all essential
factors that affect the organisation of the maintenance department. It is
important to consider these factors to develop a sound maintenance department
that can be modified as needs change.
1.2.2.1 Reporting
and Record-keeping of Maintenance
Maintenance reporting usually entails documenting the maintenance work done, including
the type of maintenance performed, the date and time of the maintenance
activity, the equipment or system serviced, and any relevant notes or comments.
Reports may also include information on the maintenance personnel who performed
the work, such as their names, qualifications, and experience.
Maintenance record-keeping involves systematically collecting and storing
maintenance-related data, such as maintenance schedules, work orders,
inspection reports, equipment histories, and maintenance logs. This data can
track maintenance activities, identify recurring issues or trends, and make
informed decisions about future maintenance requirements.
In marine engineering, regulatory agencies often require maintenance
reporting and record-keeping to demonstrate compliance with safety and
environmental regulations. This can include requirements for detailed
maintenance records, such as maintenance logs, inspection reports, and repair
records.
To ensure effective reporting and record-keeping of maintenance
activities, it is important to establish clear guidelines and procedures for
documenting and tracking maintenance work. This may include using specialised
software tools for monitoring and reporting maintenance activities and regular
training and oversight to ensure maintenance personnel understand and comply
with established reporting and record-keeping procedures.
1.2.3 MANPOWER/MANHOUR REQUIREMENTS
The number of crew required to ensure adequate maintenance and operation
of the vessel is prescribed in the vessel manning certificate. Still, proper
coverage to execute appropriate maintenance depends upon many factors.
Therefore, each vessel must be treated as a separate problem with a
consideration of all her unique aspects.
Maintenance must be set up to suit existing technical, geographical, and
personnel situations on board each vessel. Some general rules cover specific
conditions that govern how the maintenance will be structured following the
engine department personnel set-up. This structure mustn't contain the seeds of
bureaucratic restriction or permit empire-building within the vessel ecosystem.
a.)
The ratio of manhours required to keep machinery/equipment maintained and
operational and its relation to available manhours onboard.
The ratio of manhours required to keep machinery/equipment maintained and
operational is a crucial consideration for vessel operations. This ratio is
typically expressed as planned maintenance manhours to operating hours. It
estimates the time and personnel required to keep the machinery and equipment
in good condition.
The availability of manhours onboard is another essential factor that
affects vessel operations. The crew size and the work schedule limit the
personnel available to perform maintenance tasks. The work schedule is
typically structured around the vessel's operational needs, with crew members
working in shifts to ensure 24-hour coverage.
The ratio of planned maintenance manhours to operating hours must be
balanced against the available manhours onboard. If the ratio is too high,
completing all necessary maintenance tasks within the available time and with
the available personnel may be more manageable. This can result in deferred
maintenance or reduced maintenance quality, leading to breakdowns, safety
incidents, and increased repair costs.
To address this issue, vessel operators must carefully balance planned
maintenance requirements and available manhours. This may involve prioritising
maintenance tasks based on safety and operational considerations, optimising
maintenance schedules to minimise downtime and disruption to operations and
investing in automation and other technologies that can reduce the manual
labour required for maintenance tasks.
1.2.4
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING
The
employment and training of marine engineers are essential for the proper
operation and maintenance of vessels. Onboard marine engineers are responsible
for designing, operating, maintaining, and repairing the vessel's propulsion
systems, auxiliary machinery, and other mechanical and electrical systems. They
are critical in ensuring the vessel's operation's safety, reliability, and
efficiency.
Employment
of Marine Engineers:
Various
organisations, including shipping companies, shipyards, government agencies,
research institutions, and consulting firms, can employ marine engineers.
Training
of Marine Engineers:
To become a marine engineer, one must typically complete a degree in
marine engineering or a related field, such as mechanical or electrical
engineering. Some marine engineers may also have experience as seafarers before
pursuing a career in marine engineering.
In addition to formal education, marine engineers must undergo
specialised training to gain the specific skills and knowledge required for
their job. This may include training in the operation and maintenance of
specific types of machinery, such as diesel engines or electrical systems, as
well as training in safety procedures, environmental regulations, and other
industry-specific topics.
Training may occur in various settings, including classroom instruction,
on-the-job training, and simulator training. In addition, industry
organisations offer many training programs, such as classification societies,
trade associations, professional societies, and private training providers.
The training follows two lines of external and internal requirements,
prescribed by ILO/MLC/STCW requirements and industry standards, and internal is
required by company IMS/SMS. In addition to external and internal
organisational requirements, we have onboard training that is usually in line
with specific vessel needs.
Continuing education is also important for marine engineers, as
technology and regulations constantly evolve. Marine engineers must stay
up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, including new
technologies, safety regulations, and environmental standards.
References
and Bibliography:
- . Adam, Abdalia Fadhil, "General maintenance of marine vessels and related equipment" (1992). World Maritime University Dissertations. 1026. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/1026
- Definition
and nature of marine engineering (no date) Marine
Technology News. N/A. Available at:
https://www.marinetechnologynews.com/articles/marinetechnology/definition-and-nature-of-marine-engineering-100057
(Accessed: March 20, 2023).
- Gonsalves, A. (2022) Marine
Vessel Maintenance: How to ensure your vessel is ready for the seas, EHS
Your Way, 3x Faster. Capptions. Available at:
https://www.capptions.com/en/blog/marine-vessel-maintenance-how-to-ensure-your-vessel-is-ready-for-the-seas
(Accessed: March 20, 2023).
- Industrial
Engineers : Occupational Outlook Handbook
(2023) U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Available at:
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/industrial-engineers.htm
(Accessed: March 20, 2023).
- Mobley, R.K. (2014)
"MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK / 1.4 ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE
MAINTENANCE FUNCTION/FIGURE 1.1 Primary Elements of Performance - page
30." New York: McGraw Hill.
Disclaimer:
Out of Box Maritime
Thinker © by Narenta Gestio Consilium Group 2022 and Aleksandar Pudar assumes
no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of
this paper. The information in this paper is provided on an "as is"
basis with no guarantees of completeness, accuracy, usefulness, or timeliness
or of the results obtained from using this information. The ideas and
strategies should never be used without first assessing your company's
situation or system or consulting a consultancy professional. The content of
this paper is intended to be used and must be used for informational purposes
only.
